Abstract
Oil shale is an important possible solution to the problem of energy in Jordan. To explore the technical and the economic feasibility of oil shale deposits, numerous samples are analyzed using the standard Fischer Assay (FA) method. However, it would be useful to develop faster, cheaper, and reliable methods for determining the oil content of oil shale. Therefore, the aim of this work was to propose and investigate rapid analytical techniques for the screening of oil shale deposits and to correlate them with the FA method. The Omari deposit located east of Jordan was selected as a case study for analysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Results obtained from the TGA method were linearly correlated with FA with high regression factor (R2 = 0.99); a quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.98) was maintained between the FA and the elemental hydrogen mass content, and a quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.97) was found between the FA and the aliphatic hydrocarbons (FTIR peak at 2927 cm−1) produced in the pyrolysis zone. Although other techniques were less correlated, further investigation might lead to better results. Subsequently, these correlated techniques can be a practical alternative to the conventional FA method when, in particular, specific correlation is made for each deposit.
Highlights
Jordan is a country in the Middle East region that suffers from a lack of conventional fossil energy sources
Six oil shale samples labeled from OS1 to OS6 were obtained from the Omari deposit covering a wide range of oil content in Jordanian oil shale, which has an average content of about 10 wt.% [7]
Several high throughput screening techniques for determining shale oil content were applied as an alternative for the conventional Fischer Assay (FA) method
Summary
Jordan is a country in the Middle East region that suffers from a lack of conventional fossil energy sources. In 2017, the country imported 94% of its energy needs, equivalent to 8.5% of its gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. The kingdom has been encouraging investments in renewable energy—mainly solar and wind—and alternative energy that is principally oil shale. The economic feasibility of these projects is affected by crude oil prices, technical challenges, and environmental considerations. Oil shale can be defined as sedimentary rocks including organic matter disseminated in a mineral matrix. The organic matter is combustible hydrocarbons, predominantly kerogen, which is insoluble in common organic solvents [2,3]
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