Abstract
Deployment of Wolbachia to mitigate dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) transmission is ongoing in 12 countries. One way to assess the efficacy of Wolbachia releases is to determine invasion rates within the wild population of Aedes aegypti following their release. Herein we evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in estimating the time post death, ZIKV-, CHIKV-, and Wolbachia-infection in trapped dead female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes over a period of 7 days. Regardless of the infection type, time post-death of mosquitoes was accurately predicted into four categories (fresh, 1 day old, 2–4 days old and 5–7 days old). Overall accuracies of 93.2, 97 and 90.3% were observed when NIRS was used to detect ZIKV, CHIKV and Wolbachia in dead Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes indicating NIRS could be potentially applied as a rapid and cost-effective arbovirus surveillance tool. However, field data is required to demonstrate the full capacity of NIRS for detecting these infections under field conditions.
Highlights
Deployment of Wolbachia to mitigate dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) transmission is ongoing in 12 countries
Collected samples are often screened with quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique to check for the presence of Wolbachia, but arboviruses presence in Wolbachia-infected and wild A. aegypti is rarely assessed[27]
The main objective of this study was to determine whether Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) can estimate the approximate death time, and use this information to predict the presence of ZIKV, CHIKV, and Wolbachia in mosquitoes left in a BG-Sentinel trap for a period of 7 days post death
Summary
Deployment of Wolbachia to mitigate dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) transmission is ongoing in 12 countries. We evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in estimating the time post death, ZIKV-, CHIKV-, and Wolbachia-infection in trapped dead female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes over a period of 7 days. The type and concentration of these chemicals are unique to biological samples, and each unique sample can produce a specific diagnostic spectrum that can be analyzed by chemometrics or machine learning techniques to identify them For this purpose, NIRS is: (a) non invasive, the material can be used multiple times, (b) low cost, as it does not require reagents to operate and (c) rapid, as a spectrum can be collected in just 3 s, allowing hundreds of samples to be analyzed daily. NIRS has been used to predict the age of A. aegypti[35], A. albopictus[36], and to detect ZIKV in A. aegypti[37], and Wolbachia in A. aegypti[38] and in fruit flies[39]
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