Abstract
Piezoelectric sensing is of increasing interest for high-temperature applications in aerospace, automotive, power plants and material processing due to its low cost, compact sensor size and simple signal conditioning, in comparison with other high-temperature sensing techniques. This paper presented an overview of high-temperature piezoelectric sensing techniques. Firstly, different types of high-temperature piezoelectric single crystals, electrode materials, and their pros and cons are discussed. Secondly, recent work on high-temperature piezoelectric sensors including accelerometer, surface acoustic wave sensor, ultrasound transducer, acoustic emission sensor, gas sensor, and pressure sensor for temperatures up to 1,250 °C were reviewed. Finally, discussions of existing challenges and future work for high-temperature piezoelectric sensing are presented.
Highlights
Sensing technologies for use in ultra-high-temperatures (>800 °C) are in great demand, in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industries
The suggested usage temperatures are based on a standard of 1 MΩ.cm resistivity for comparison purpose, materials with lower resistivity may still be functional in different applications, for example, LN crystals can be used up to 1,000 °C for short term and high frequency range [21]. † The mechanical quality factors were at room temperature, closely related to various vibration modes, the values reported for ReCOB crystals are the thickness shear mode [21]
Agglomeration, which is a nucleation and growth process, is one of the most dominant degradation mechanisms of thin metal films at high-temperatures [44]. This phenomenon is related to surface diffusivity which can be rapid for platinum and this leads to malfunction of high-temperature piezoelectric sensor with Pt thin film electrodes due to the loss of thin film’s electrical conductivity [45]
Summary
Sensing technologies for use in ultra-high-temperatures (>800 °C) are in great demand, in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industries. Conventional microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and piezoelectric sensors cannot function at such high temperatures, and these sensor devices must be located in areas with controlled environments [1]. This limitation of non-direct sensing-induced inaccuracy leads to decreased fuel efficiency and reduced reliability. Combustion sensors or knock sensors are subject to the harshest environments because these sensors need to be located as close as possible to the high-temperature source (e.g., the combustion engine) for accurate monitoring [6]. HT sensors are in critical need in a broad range of industries, as well as in new materials development and scientific studies
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