High-Temperature Materials for Complex Components in Ammonia/Hydrogen Gas Turbines: A Critical Review

Abstract

This article reviews the critical role of material selection and design in ensuring efficient performance and safe operation of gas turbine engines fuelled by ammonia–hydrogen. As these energy fuels present unique combustion characteristics in turbine combustors, the identification of suitable materials becomes imperative. Detailed material characterisation is indispensable for discerning defects and degradation routes in turbine components, thereby illuminating avenues for improvement. With elevated turbine inlet temperatures, there is an augmented susceptibility to thermal degradation and mechanical shortcomings, especially in the high-pressure turbine blade—a critical life-determining component. This review highlights challenges in turbine design for ammonia–hydrogen fuels, addressing concerns like ammonia corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and stress corrosion cracking. To ensure engine safety and efficacy, this article advocates for leveraging advanced analytical techniques in both material development and risk evaluation, emphasising the interplay among technological progress, equipment specifications, operational criteria, and analysis methods.