Abstract
Despite several reports on the relationship between metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, the effect of a high-sugar diet (HSD) on brain function is still unknown. Given the crucial role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of these disorders, this study was the first to compare the effect of an HSD on the activity of prooxidative enzymes, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and protein oxidative damage in the brain structures regulating energy metabolism (hypothalamus) and cognitive functions (cerebral cortex). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10)—control diet (CD) and high-sugar diet (HSD)—for 8 weeks. We showed a decrease in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and an increase in catalase activity in the hypothalamus of HSD rats compared to controls. The activity of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase and the contents of oxidation (protein carbonyls), glycoxidation (dityrosine, kynurenine and N-formylkynurenine) and protein glycation products (advanced glycation end products and Amadori products) were significantly higher only in the hypothalamus of the study group. The HSD was also responsible for the disruption of antioxidant systems and oxidative damage to blood proteins, but we did not show any correlation between systemic redox homeostasis and the brain levels. In summary, HSD is responsible for disorders of enzymatic antioxidant defenses only at the central (plasma/serum) and hypothalamic levels but does not affect the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is much more sensitive to oxidative damage caused by an HSD than the cerebral cortex.
Highlights
The 21st century is defined as an epidemic of metabolic diseases that significantly reduce the quality of life of patients but are the main cause of death worldwide
We demonstrated that a high-sugar diet (HSD) both interferes with systemic redox homeostasis and induces oxidative stress at the salivary gland level [17]
Energy intake and food consumption were similar in animals fed the high-sucrose diet (HSD) and control diet (CD) for 8 weeks (Table 1)
Summary
The 21st century is defined as an epidemic of metabolic diseases that significantly reduce the quality of life of patients but are the main cause of death worldwide. Recent studies have indicated a link between an increased carbohydrate supply as well as insulin resistance and a greater risk of stroke or increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [7,8,9,10]. These changes are thought to be caused by disturbances in redox homeostasis and oxidative stress (OS) [10,11,12]. OS may be one of the mechanisms responsible for damage to brain cells under increased sugar supply
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