Abstract
BackgroundThere was a wider disparity in the diet characterization among most studies on diet and pregnancy outcomes in different countries, and the research in northern China is limited. Therefore, the purpose of the present study that was conducted in northwest China was to understand the dietary characteristics of periconceptional women and to explore the relationship between and specific dietary patterns with adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsA nested case-control study was conducted from October 2017 to November 2018 in Shaanxi, China. Based on a prospective cohort of 368 women who were pregnant or prepared for pregnancy, 63 participants who developed the outcomes of gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects were included in the case group. A total of 237 healthy pregnant women were included during the same period in the control group. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire for the three months before pregnancy and the first trimester. Information on delivery details and antenatal pregnancy complications was obtained from the hospital maternity records. Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Stratified analysis was performed on the overall, single and multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes categories. Adjustment was made for sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional supplement status.ResultsSix major dietary patterns were identified. The ‘starchy’ dietary pattern, composed of high intake in noodle and flour products and/or rice and its products, was associated with the odds of developing of adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR: 2.324, 95% CI: 1.293–4.178). This risk remained significant following adjustment for potential confounders of maternal demographic characteristics and nutritional status (aOR: 2.337, 95% CI:1.253–4.331). Strong association were found during the first trimester of pregnancy, but showed no association during the three months before pregnancy (aOR:1.473, 95% CI: 0.682–3.234).ConclusionsHigh starchy food intake was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy. Health education focusing on periconceptional dietary patterns could be a practical strategy for preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Highlights
Recent epidemiological evidence of an association between poor fetal growth and adult disease highlights the need to reconsider the influences which act on the fetus, and the role maternal nutrition may play [1]
The periconceptional pregnancy were associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes
Only maternal age, smoking and alcohol intake were significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes
Summary
Recent epidemiological evidence of an association between poor fetal growth and adult disease highlights the need to reconsider the influences which act on the fetus, and the role maternal nutrition may play [1]. The components of starchy foods are included in some specific dietary patterns in some researches, the extraction of starchy foods with proven healthy foods such as vegetables/fruits [9,10,11], or with proven non-healthy foods such as fat /deep fried food [12] as a dietary structure may mask or exaggerate their effect. It raises the need for additional studies on specific dietary patterns to provide evidence on potentially preventative interventions to reduce the burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of the present study that was conducted in northwest China was to understand the dietary characteristics of periconceptional women and to explore the relationship between and specific dietary patterns with adverse pregnancy outcomes
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