Abstract
PurposeContinuous and rapid eye movement causes significant intraframe distortion in adaptive optics high resolution retinal imaging. To minimize this artifact, we developed a high speed adaptive optics line scan confocal retinal imaging system.MethodsA high speed line camera was employed to acquire retinal image and custom adaptive optics was developed to compensate the wave aberration of the human eye’s optics. The spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio were assessed in model eye and in living human eye. The improvement of imaging fidelity was estimated by reduction of intra-frame distortion of retinal images acquired in the living human eyes with frame rates at 30 frames/second (FPS), 100 FPS, and 200 FPS.ResultsThe device produced retinal image with cellular level resolution at 200 FPS with a digitization of 512×512 pixels/frame in the living human eye. Cone photoreceptors in the central fovea and rod photoreceptors near the fovea were resolved in three human subjects in normal chorioretinal health. Compared with retinal images acquired at 30 FPS, the intra-frame distortion in images taken at 200 FPS was reduced by 50.9% to 79.7%.ConclusionsWe demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring high resolution retinal images in the living human eye at a speed that minimizes retinal motion artifact. This device may facilitate research involving subjects with nystagmus or unsteady fixation due to central vision loss.
Highlights
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) [1] has emerged as an important imaging modality for evaluating retinal structure and function at the cellular and sub-cellular level in the living human eye and living animal eye [2,3,4]
The improvement of imaging fidelity was estimated by reduction of intra-frame distortion of retinal images acquired in the living human eyes with frame rates at 30 frames/ second (FPS), 100 frames per second (FPS), and 200 FPS
Compared with retinal images acquired at 30 FPS, the intra-frame distortion in images taken at 200 FPS was reduced by 50.9% to 79.7%
Summary
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) [1] has emerged as an important imaging modality for evaluating retinal structure and function at the cellular and sub-cellular level in the living human eye and living animal eye [2,3,4]. AOSLO has expanded from a confocal imaging modality in early years to a regime including both confocal [1, 5,6,7,8] and non-confocal imaging systems [9,10,11] These systems produced fine retinal structure such as cone and rod photoreceptors [2, 4, 12, 13], retinal pigment epithelial cells [14, 15], the finest retinal vasculature [16,17,18,19,20], and optic nerve fiber [21] in human subjects with normal chorioretinal health and in patients with retinal diseases. Continual retinal motion will cause errors both within a frame (intra-frame) and in successive frames (inter-frame), if the image acquisition speed is not sufficiently faster than eye movement or the imaging systems is not facilitated by real-time eye motion tracking mechanism [29, 30]
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