High-risk smoking in the United States: Nicotine staining predicts increased colonic adenomas and advanced adenomas on colonoscopy

Abstract

BackgroundSmoking is linked with numerous adverse health effects. Nicotine staining on fingers or teeth is thought to suggest active or heavy smoking. The significance of nicotine staining within gastroenterology remains unclear. AimWe set out to establish the predictive value of nicotine staining for adenomas and advanced adenomas. MethodsThis was a cross-section study of patients who underwent colonoscopy at the Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center from November 2019 to November 2020. Pre-procedure patient survey ascertained current smoking status. Endoscopist performed a nicotine staining survey upon completion of the respective colonoscopy. Chart review allowed determination of patient demographics, comorbidities, and colonoscopy findings. Patients without smoking history were assigned to a control cohort. We applied one-way analysis of variance when comparing the mean of continuous variables and the Chi-square test when comparing categorical variables. Lastly, we used stepwise logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratio. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsCompared to those without smoking history or evidence of nicotine staining, patients with positive nicotine staining were older (P = 0.03), leaner (P < 0.0001), and more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.0001) or history of alcohol abuse (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, presence of nicotine staining independently predicted increased likelihood of multiple adenomas (OR 1.5, 95% CI [1.2–1.9]) and advanced adenomas (OR 1.6, 95% CI [1.2–2.2]). ConclusionThis marks the first investigation of nicotine staining within gastroenterology. We have demonstrated that the presence of nicotine staining independently predicts numerous adenomas and advanced adenomas.