Abstract
In this paper, biological investigations and a high-resolution UPLC-PDA-ESI-qTOF-HRMS technique were employed for Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra DC. (red cabbage) of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), cultivated in Egypt, for the first time. The positive ionization mode is usually performed to identify anthocyanins. However, this technique cannot differentiate between anthocyanins and corresponding non-anthocyanin polyphenols. Thus, the negative ionization mode was also used, as it provided a series of characteristic ions for the MS analysis of anthocyanins. This helped in identifying five kaempferol derivatives for the first time in red cabbage, as well as nine—previously reported—anthocyanins. For the biological investigations, the acidified methanolic extract of fresh leaves and the methanolic extract of air-dried powdered leaves were examined for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The freshly prepared phenolic extract was proven to be more biologically potent. Statistical significance was determined for its anticancer activity in comparison with standard doxorubicin.
Highlights
Anthocyanins are brightly colored pigments that have attracted the interest of many researchers in recent decades
AAnnttiiccaanncceerr aaccttiivviittyy ooff tthhee ttoottaall aallccoohhoolliicc eexxttrraacctt aanndd tthhee pphheennoolliicc eexxttrraacctt ooff rreedd ccaabbbbaaggee lleeaavveess aaggaaiinnsstt HHeeLLaa, MCF-7, aanndd HHeeppGG--22cceellllilnineess. .BBarargrgarpahpshrserperperseesnetntthtehme meaena±nS±EMSEoMf 3odf e3tedremteirnmatiinoantsio(ndsiff(edrieffnetrelenttelresttaebrsovaeboeavcehecaoclhucomlunminndiincdatiecastteatsitsattiicsatlilcyalsliygsniigfinciafinctadnitfdfeirffeenrceensc)e. s). Due to their rising importance in the phytotherapeutic fields, a profiling of the anthocyanins and phenolics of the leaves of red cabbage cultivated in Egypt was performed using high resolution UPLC-PDA-ESI-qTOF-MS in the present study
Nine anthocyanins were tentatively identified as cyanidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside; cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside; Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside; cyanidin-3(feruloyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside; cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside; cyanidin3-(feruloyl)-5-glucoside; cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-glucoside-5-glucoside; and cyanidin-3-[2glucosyl-6-rhamnosyl-glucoside]
Summary
Anthocyanins are brightly colored pigments that have attracted the interest of many researchers in recent decades. They are found in different natural sources (fruits and vegetables) which may vary in color and/or composition. Unlike the anthocyanins present in different fruits and vegetables, the anthocyanins of red cabbage leaves are highly conjugated with a variety of sugars and/or acyl groups; with the lack of pure standards, it would be a challenge to fulfill their characterization and identification [1,2,3,4]. A series of ions, e.g., [M − 2H + H2O]– and [M − 2H]− doublet ions, were found to be characteristic for the MS analysis of anthocyanins [7]. The negative ionization mode was used in this analysis
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