High-resolution ultrasound of the paratenon of the Achilles calcaneal tendon: anatomical study and description of the paratendinous injection technique.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine if ultrasound (US) allows a precise assessment of the paratenon (PT) of the Achilles calcaneal tendon (AT), and to anatomically describe the US-guided paratendinous injection technique. This study was initially conducted on eight cadaveric specimens using high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) to examine the PT appearance, thickness, and its relationships with the AT, plantaris tendon (PLT), Kager's fat pad (KFP), sural nerve (SN), and fascia cruris (FC). US-guided paratendinous injection of China ink was performed in all specimens, followed by anatomical dissection to assess injectate distribution. Then, HRUS study of the PT was carried out bilaterally in twenty asymptomatic volunteers (40 legs). Two musculoskeletal radiologists recorded all data in consensus except PT thickness in volunteers which was recorded independently in order to calculate intra and inter-observer reliability. The PT was consistently identified with HRUS along its entire course in both cadaveric specimens (8/8) and volunteers (40/40). The mean PT thickness was 0.54mm in cadavers and 0.39mm in vivo, without any correlation with the AT thickness. Intra- and inter observer reliability were respectively excellent and good for PT thickness. All eight (100%) ex vivo China ink injections were accurate, demonstrating a circumferential distribution of the injectate between the PT and the AT, associated with an anterior spread to the KFP. HRUS allows visualization of the PT along its entire length, and assessment of its relationships to adjacent structures. US-guided paratendinous injections can accurately and safely deliver injectates in the paratendinous sheath.