Abstract
Abstract. High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US) is an analytical technique for direct and non-destructive monitoring of molecular and micro-structural transformations in liquids and semi-solid materials. It is based on precision measurements of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in analysed samples. The application areas of HR-US in research, product development, and quality and process control include analysis of conformational transitions of polymers, ligand binding, molecular self-assembly and aggregation, crystallisation, gelation, characterisation of phase transitions and phase diagrams, and monitoring of chemical and biochemical reactions. The technique does not require optical markers or optical transparency. The HR-US measurements can be performed in small sample volumes (down to droplet size), over broad temperature range, at ambient and elevated pressures, and in various measuring regimes such as automatic temperature ramps, titrations and measurements in flow.
Highlights
Analytical capabilities available for real-time nondestructive monitoring of molecular processes in a variety of media, from solutions to emulsion, suspensions, and gels, are an important factor in modern developments in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, biotechnological and other industries as well as in relevant academic research
A variety of “electromagnetic” spectroscopic techniques such as infrared, Raman, fluorescence, and UV–VIS are utilised for this purpose. The efficiency of these spectroscopies is dependent on the optical transparency of the medium and is affected by light scattering in dispersions
As ultrasonic waves propagate through most materials, this spectroscopy does not require optical transparency
Summary
Analytical capabilities available for real-time nondestructive monitoring of molecular processes in a variety of media, from solutions to emulsion, suspensions, and gels, are an important factor in modern developments in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, biotechnological and other industries as well as in relevant academic research. Ultrasonic spectroscopy has been utilised for material analysis for a long time and has demonstrated various successful applications (Povey and Mason, 1998; Povey, 1997; Holmes and Povey, 2017), the capability of this technique in analysis of molecular processes has been restricted by a number of factors. These include limited resolution and precision in measurements of ultrasonic parameters, the requirement for large sample volumes and often complicated measuring procedures.
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