Abstract
X-ray “ghost” imaging has drawn great attention for its potential to obtain images with a high resolution and lower radiation dose in medical diagnosis, even with only a single-pixel detector. However, it is hard to realize with a portable x-ray source due to its low flux. Here, we demonstrate a computational x-ray ghost imaging scheme where a real bucket detector and specially designed high-efficiency modulation masks are used, together with a robust deep learning algorithm in which a compressed set of Hadamard matrices is incorporated into a multi-level wavelet convolutional neural network. With a portable incoherent x-ray source of ∼37 µm diameter, we have obtained an image of a real object from only 18.75% of the Nyquist sampling rate. A high imaging resolution of ∼10 µm has been achieved, which is required for cancer detection and so represents a concrete step toward the realization of a practical low cost x-ray ghost imaging camera for applications in biomedicine, archeology, material science, and so forth.
Highlights
Safety and image quality are the two major factors in x-ray imaging
We report a computational x-ray ghost imaging (GI) (CXGI) scheme by which high resolution images were obtained with only an inexpensive single-pixel detector and a portable incoherent low flux x-ray source, plus the use of a deep learning algorithm
CoreTM i7-6600U central processing unit and 12 GB random access memory. How to ensure both magnification and resolution is a difficult problem because according to geometrical optics the object’s penumbra will blur the image when the object is smaller than half the source size; this is the key limit of resolution in both traditional absorption and propagation based phase contrast x-ray imaging
Summary
In traditional schemes, according to the Ross criterion, there has to be a balance between radiation dose and image quality since high resolution and good contrast require a sufficiently long exposure, which means greater dose. Brilliant phase contrast images with nanometer resolution can be obtained in state-of-theart synchrotron facilities that provide monochromatic ultra-bright x-ray beams.. In raster scanning transmission x-ray microscopy, high resolution images can be obtained by focusing a soft x-ray beam onto a spot, which is scanned over the whole sample. Focusing is complicated, costly, and greatly attenuates the beam, again necessitating a high intensity source. How to increase the resolution while lowering the cost of x-ray imaging with such polychromatic sources is a significant problem
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