High-Resolution NMR and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Studies on Fresh and Frozen Cod (Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Abstract

Changes in the fish muscle from cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were investigated by high-resolution NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water- and salt-soluble extracts from fish stored at −20°C and −30°C were analysed by high-resolution proton NMR and enabled the identification of metabolites including trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine. It was not possible to detect formaldehyde by NMR either in the stored fish samples or in spiked water or salt extracts even at high levels of formaldehyde addition, probably due to polymerisation. Systematic and controlled storage trials indicated the presence of dimethylamine at around 9 months for samples stored at −20°C, whereas no changes were detected at the control storage temperature of −30°C. A comparison of cod and haddock fillets stored for 1 year at −20 and −30°C confirmed the production of dimethylamine only in cod stored at −20°C. It was interesting to note that ‘fresh’ cod and haddock samples purchased from a local supermarket showed high levels of TMA indicating a breakdown of trimethylamine oxide to TMA by bacteria. TMA was not detected in the fish fillets especially obtained for the storage trials. MRI of fresh cod and fish stored at −8 and −30°C indicated that the fish half stored at −8°C exhibited dense lines or arches which are indicative of gaps in the tissue due to possible breakdown of the connective tissue. The images of fish stored at −30°C did not indicate any differences compared with the fresh fish. MRI also showed the presence of frozen and unfrozen areas in the fish non-destructively.