High Resolution Mapping of Ice Mass Loss in the Gulf of Alaska From Constrained Forward Modeling of GRACE Data

Cheick Doumbia,Alain N Rousseau,Macarena Amaya,Pascal Castellazzi

doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00360

Abstract

The resolution of Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) change data is too low to discriminate mass variations at the scale of glaciers, small ensemble of glaciers, or icefields. In this paper, we apply an iterative constraint modeling strategy over the Gulf Of Alaska (GOA) to improve the resolution of ice loss estimates derived from GRACE. We assess the effect of the most influential parameters such as the type of GRACE solution and the degree of heterogeneity of the distribution map over which the GRACE data is focused. Three GRACE solutions from the most common processing strategies and three ice distribution maps of resolutions ranging from 55,000 to 20,000 km² are used. First, we present results from a series of simulations with synthetic data and a mix of synthetic/modeled data to validate the focusing strategy and we point out ho²w inaccuracies arise while increasing the spatial resolution of GRACE data. Second, we present the recovery of the total GRACE-derived mass change anomaly at the scale of the GOA. At this scale, all solutions and distribution maps agree, showing ∼40 Gt/year of mean ice mass loss over the period 2002–2017. This result is similar to studies using GRACE solutions from the latest releases and time-series of more than 8 years. The first studies using GRACE data published during the 2005–2008 era generally overestimated the long-term ice mass loss. Third, we show results of the three resolutions tested to focus the mass anomaly. U²sing focusing units (mascon) of ∼30,000 km² or larger, the focusing procedure provides reliable results with errors below 15%. Below this threshold, errors of up to 56% are observed.

Highlights

Glaciers represent 68.9% of fresh water resources worldwide
An Absolute Error (AE) approach applied over the spatial domain is used to quantify the degree of similarity between the Forward Model (FM) and the actual Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) trend map
A synthetic map is created by allocating synthetic masses to the glacier distribution map (Figure 3A) over which a diffuse mass signal is added (Figure 3B)

Summary

Introduction

Glaciers represent 68.9% of fresh water resources worldwide. In many regions of the world, people rely on glacier meltwater for agriculture, hydropower, industries, and municipal water requirements (Chen and Ohmura, 1990; Blanchon and Boissière, 2009). Over the last decades, the glacier mass losses have raised concerns in and beyond the research communities. Climate change leads to important reductions in glacial water storage. Glaciers have an important influence on sea level rise; their melt threatens the living environment of costal dwellings.

Methods

Results

Conclusion