High-Resolution, In Situ Monitoring of Stable Isotopes of Water Revealed Insight into Hydrological Response Behavior

Amir Sahraei,Philipp Kraft,Lutz Breuer,David Windhorst

doi:10.3390/w12020565

Abstract

High temporal resolution (20-min intervals) measurements of stable isotopes from groundwater, stream water and precipitation were investigated to understand the hydrological response behavior and control of precipitation and antecedent wetness conditions on runoff generation. Data of 20 precipitation events were collected by a self-sufficient mobile system for in situ measurements over four months in the Schwingbach Environmental Observatory (SEO, temperate climate), Germany. Isotopic hydrograph separation indicated that more than 79% of the runoff consisted of pre-event water. Short response times of maximum event water fractions in stream water and groundwater revealed that shallow subsurface flow pathways rapidly delivered water to the stream. Macropore and soil pipe networks along relatively flat areas in stream banks were likely relevant pathways for the rapid transmission of water. Event water contribution increased with increasing precipitation amount. Pre-event water contribution was moderately affected by precipitation, whereas, the antecedent wetness conditions were not strong enough to influence pre-event water contribution. The response time was controlled by mean precipitation intensity. A two-phase system was identified, at which the response times of stream water and groundwater decreased after reaching a threshold of mean precipitation intensity of 0.5 mm h−1. Our results suggest that high temporal resolution measurements of stable isotopes of multiple water sources combined with hydrometrics improve the understanding of the hydrological response behavior and runoff generation mechanisms.

Highlights

Understanding the response of runoff components to precipitation and its controlling factors gives insight into runoff generation mechanisms
Our findings show that the short-term response behavior observed in the previous studies in the Schwingbach Environmental Observatory (SEO) [16,17], is reflected in the isotopic signatures of stream water and groundwater
We reported on high temporal resolution (20-min intervals) measurements of stable isotopes from groundwater, stream water, and precipitation to investigate the response of runoff components and the underlying controlling factors of precipitation and antecedent wetness characteristics

Summary

Introduction

Understanding the response of runoff components to precipitation and its controlling factors gives insight into runoff generation mechanisms. The fraction of event and pre-event water in total runoff and the timing of its responses may vary depending on the controlling factors such as topography, land use, precipitation, and antecedent wetness characteristics. Several studies investigated the correlation of event and pre-event water contribution with topographical, land use, precipitation, and antecedent wetness characteristics. Shanley et al [2] noted that event water contribution correlated positively with catchment size and open land cover. Šanda et al [3] addressed the influence of land use on pre-event water contribution. They found that the pre-event water contribution decreased with increasing forest cover, due to the retention of water via interception and transpiration losses of soil water. Renshaw et al [8]

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