Abstract
Thick biological tissues give rise to not only the multiple scattering of incoming light waves, but also the aberrations of remaining signal waves. The challenge for existing optical microscopy methods to overcome both problems simultaneously has limited sub-micron spatial resolution imaging to shallow depths. Here we present an optical coherence imaging method that can identify aberrations of waves incident to and reflected from the samples separately, and eliminate such aberrations even in the presence of multiple light scattering. The proposed method records the time-gated complex-field maps of backscattered waves over various illumination channels, and performs a closed-loop optimization of signal waves for both forward and phase-conjugation processes. We demonstrated the enhancement of the Strehl ratio by more than 500 times, an order of magnitude or more improvement over conventional adaptive optics, and achieved a spatial resolution of 600 nm up to an imaging depth of seven scattering mean free paths.
Highlights
Thick biological tissues give rise to the multiple scattering of incoming light waves, and the aberrations of remaining signal waves
Let usi consider a À ikiyy, incident to a target object embedded in a thick scattering medium, where ki 1⁄4 kix; kiy is the transverse wavevector of the incident wave (Fig. 1a)
When this wave travels through the scattering medium of thickness L, the intensity of the wave that preserves its original momentum is attenuated by a factor of exp
Summary
The effects of plane wave, EsÀaxm; py;lez-i1⁄4nd0u;ckeidÁ aberrahtions. 1⁄4 exp Àikixx. Let usi consider a À ikiyy , incident (superscript i) to a target object embedded in a thick scattering medium, where ki 1⁄4 kix; kiy is the transverse wavevector of the incident wave (Fig. 1a). Color bars in (c–e), intensity in arbitrary unit (superscript o), the wave that has the wavevector of ko 1⁄4 ki þ Δk is again attenuated by the multiple scattering process and experiences the additional aberration described by the angledependent phase retardation φoðkoÞ. To identify the aberrations in the illumination and imaging paths, we first recorded the amplitude and phase maps of the backscattered waves from the sample for various illumination angles, or, equivalently, the incident wavevectors ki (Fig. 2a).
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