Abstract
The spinel Li4Ti5O12(LTO) has been doped by Ca2+via a solid-state reaction route, generating highly crystalline Li3.9Ca0.1Ti5O12powders in order to improve the electrochemical performance as an anode. The structure changes, morphologies, and electrochemical properties of the resultant powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. Crystal structure and composition were analyzed, and results were obtained with various tests of LTO. Electrochemical measurements revealed that Li3.9Ca0.1Ti5O12anodes exhibit better rate capability, better cycling stability, and a higher specific capacity than pure LTO anodes.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely utilized as the most important next-generation energy sources [1, 2]
These results demonstrate that the Li+ insertion/extraction processes of Ca/ LTO exhibits better reversibility and cyclic stability even at high rates and higher capacity retention than pure LTO, which should be attributed to the relatively slight change of lattice volume in Ca-doped LTO electrodes during the insertion and extraction of Li+
The diffusion coefficient values of the lithium ions in the bulk electrode materials were calculated from Electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) data demonstrating that the charge transfer process of Li+ on the surface of Ca/LTO electrodes has been significantly improved and ion conductivity of Ca/LTO electrodes has been promoted via Ca-doping
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely utilized as the most important next-generation energy sources [1, 2]. The strategy includes the preparation of nanometer particles [6], carbon coating [7], and doping with aliovalent metal ions [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] (V5+ [8], Sr2+ [9], La3+ [10], Mg2+ [11], Al3+ [12], Co3+ [13], and Ru3+ [14]) in Li, Ti, or O sites; the selection of morphologies has a crucial influence on the electrochemical characteristics of LTO materials [15,16,17,18]. The doped Ca2+ can replace the Li+ of 8a to produce free electrons, enhancing the conductivity of the material. The results indicate that the Ca-doped LTO (Li3.9Ca0.1Ti5O12) delivers a large capacity at a high rate with excellent cycle performance, which provides a potential technique for the application of LTO in LIBs with high performance
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