Abstract
Upcoming developments are attracting attention to both high-protein and probiotics supplementation for the sports community to promote good health and exercise performance. This study aimed at the production of high-protein concentrated pro-yogurt (Pro-WPI) enriched with 10 and 20% whey protein isolate (WPI) and investigation of the response of daily consumption on anthropometric, hematology parameters, and athletic performance in parallel with safety consideration assessment. Twenty-four athletes (19.6 ± 1.45 years; 175.96 ± 5.24 cm; 73.16 ± 8.65 kg) were participated in a randomized placebo-control study. They consumed Pro-WPI products with 10 (T1) and 20% (T2) WPI for treatments G1 (Pro-WPI30) and G2 (Pro-WPI60), respectively, 3 times per day/5 days per week/9 weeks. The taste of Pro-WPI products was sour and cheesy, while mouthfeel was described as soft and thick because of the increased protein content in T1 and T2 (14.15 and 22.58%). The hemoglobin of the athletes increased significantly from a baseline of 12.69 g/dl to 16 and 16.66 g/dl in G1 and G2, respectively. Furthermore, the athletic performance was enhanced in vertical jump, long jump, sprinting velocity, half squats, and pushups, which reached 58.75 cm, 255 cm, 3.5 m/s, 218.75 counts, and 85 counts, respectively in G2. The healthy gut microbiome (probiotics) in parallel with increased iron bioavailability by mineral binding (whey bioactive peptides), influenced iron status and can represent a healthy practice to improve athletic anemia and performance. On the other hand, urinary albumin exceeded the border of reference range (<30 mg/g) and reached 38.25 and 44.13 mg/g in G1 and G2, while urine pH was in the normal range (4.5–8). Increased urinary albumin might be due to high rates of protein metabolism that follow high protein intake. This study provided preliminary information on metabolic responses to high protein concentrated yogurt intake in athletes who engaged in daily exercise. Further studies are needed to determine the recommended intensity of 10 and 20% Pro-WPI product consumption to achieve its benefits and avoid implications on kidney function.
Highlights
Adequate protein is required to optimize the rate of muscle protein synthesis and achieve positive net muscle protein balance
The results showed that whey protein isolate (WPI) enrichment significantly affected total viable counts in T1 and T2 (9.6 and 9.2 Log10 CFU/ g) compared to the control (10.2 Log10CFU/ g) when fresh, and along the cold storage period up to the 15th day of storage to reach 6.8 and 6.1 Log10 CFU/g, respectively, vs. 7.4 Log10 CFU/g for the control
The results were compatible with pH and acidity results (Figure 1)
Summary
Adequate protein is required to optimize the rate of muscle protein synthesis and achieve positive net muscle protein balance. A daily protein intake of 1.2–1.7 g protein/kg body weight (BW) has been suggested for athletes and bodybuilders to maintain muscle mass. Body proteins will be broken down to supply the energy needs of the body if dietary protein is insufficient [1]. High protein diets are increasingly popularized as a promising strategy for weight loss by providing the twin benefits of improving satiety and decreasing fat mass [2, 3]. Anemia is a sign of malnutrition as red blood cells (RBCs) and Hb values are insufficient to maintain body health. Sports anemia is an iron deficiency caused by increased nutritional demands, dietary restrictions, decreased absorption and increased energy losses due to aerobic exercise. The anemia in athletes deserves a careful and multifactorial approach including iron bioavailability. Iron-depleted athletes improved their iron status and, possibly, physical performance, in addition to a healthy gut microbiome that influences iron status [5]
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