High prevalence of primary aldosteronism using postcaptopril plasma aldosterone to renin ratio as a screening test among Italian hypertensives

Abstract

The prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) was assessed in a specialized hypertension center. Baseline and postcaptopril (50 mg orally) aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio (A/R) as a screening tool were preliminarily tested in a sample including 22 patients with histories of PA and 53 patients with low-renin essential hypertension (EH). Sensitivity and specificity of A/R ≥35 were 95.4% and 28.3% at baseline, compared with 100% and 67.9% after captopril. Using postcaptopril A/R ≥35 and confirmation by acute saline loading, a PA prevalence of 6.3% was found among 1046 consecutive hypertensive patients with normal renal function. Of those 66 PA patients, 16 (24.2%) had a unilateral adenoma, whereas 50 (75.8%) had idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. At presentation, 45.4% of the PA and 16.3% of EH patients were treated with two or more antihypertensive drugs (χ 2 = 33.117, P < .0001). However, among untreated patients ( n = 553), the prevalence of mild-to-moderate hypertension (ie, <180/110 mm Hg) was not different between patients with PA and those with EH (70.6% v 76.7%, χ 2 = 0.086, P = .770). Serum potassium ≥3.6 mEq/L was found in 60.6% of PA patients. In conclusion, we observed the following: 1) postcaptopril compared with baseline A/R is a better screening tool for PA; 2) PA is relatively frequent among hypertensive individuals; 3) PA is not necessarily associated with severe hypertension; and 4) hypokalemia is an insensitive screening criterion for PA.