Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR K. pneumonia) is increasingly being reported with corresponding increase in morbidity and mortality all over the world. However, limited information is available concerning MDR K. pneumonia in giant pandas. The objective of this study was to grasp the drug resistance profile of MDR K. pneumonia isolated from giant pandas. A total of 182 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from fresh feces of 94 captive giant pandas of different ages and sex and separated by season. We performed a standard disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test with the isolates and further evaluated the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of multi-drug-resistant strains by high-throughput quantitative PCR. In addition, we then analyzed mobile genetic elements (MGEs), integron gene cassettes, and the multi-locus sequence typing of multi-drug-resistant strains by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results demonstrated that a total of 30 (16.5%) K. pneumoniae isolates showed multiple drug resistances. The thirty MDR K. pneumonia isolates were mainly resistant to amoxicillin (100.0%), doxycycline (86.7%), chloramphenicol (60.0%), compound trimethoprim (60.0%) and trimethoprim (56.7%). Fifty different types of antibiotic resistance genes were found, which included a total of 671 antibiotic resistance genes, in the 30 multi-drug-resistant isolates. The top ten resistance genes were: vanTC-02, aacC, blaCTX-M-04, blaSHV-01, blaSHV-02, ampC-04, blaOXY, tetD, blaTEM and tetA-02. Thirteen mobile genetic elements were detected, of which IS26 (96.67%) and intI1 (96.67%) had the highest frequency. The thirty MDR K. pneumonia isolates were negative for the traA, traF, tnsA, IS1133, ISpa7, ISkpn6, intI2 and intI3 genes. Moreover, a further investigation of integrons revealed that two types of specific gene cassettes (dfrA12 + orfF + aadA2 and dfrA12 + orfF) were identified in class 1 integrons. Multi-locus sequence typing results showed that 22 STs in the thirty MDR K. pneumonia isolates were identified, the main type was ST37 (5/30). Our results illustrate that effective surveillance and strict biosecurity strategies should be taken to prevent the spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, and monitor the emergence of mobile genetic elements and integrons.
Highlights
Klebsiella Pneumonia is a gram-negative Enterobacteria, and it is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for an important proportion of nosocomial infections in human
There was no significant difference in the isolation rate based on the sex of the subject (P > 0.05); season had a significant effect on the isolation rate of multidrug resistant (MDR) K. pneumonia (P < 0.05)
The reason for the lower isolation rate of MDR K. pneumonia in giant pandas may be explained by the possibility that antibiotics were used less frequently to treat giant pandas, in addition, K. pneumoniae strains in the study were isolated from feces of healthy giant pandas, while K. pneumoniae strains in other researches were isolated from hospital materials
Summary
Klebsiella Pneumonia is a gram-negative Enterobacteria, and it is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for an important proportion of nosocomial infections in human. Multi-drugresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR K. pneumonia) was defined as being resistant to three or more antimicrobials (Dolejska et al, 2007; Magiorakos et al, 2012), and is increasingly being reported with corresponding increase in morbidity and mortality. Convert and adapt one or more resistance gene cassettes into functionally expressed genes via a self-efficient gene expression system. It can transfer these genes between diverse bacterial species due to their linkage with plasmids (Gillings, 2014). Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons are the three main types of MGEs associated with antimicrobial resistance (Kaushik et al, 2018)
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