Abstract
Abstract An exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) is induced in a system made of an electron beam interacting with an electromagnetic (EM) guided mode. This enables a degenerate synchronous regime in backward wave oscillators (BWOs) where the electron beams provides distributed gain to the EM mode with distributed power extraction. Current particle-in-cell simulation results demonstrate that BWOs operating at an EPD have a starting-oscillation current that scales quadratically to a non-vanishing value for long interaction lengths and therefore have higher power conversion efficiency at arbitrarily higher level of power generation compared to standard BWOs.
Highlights
The characterizing feature of an exceptional point is the singularity resulting from the degenracy of at least two eigenstates
An exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) is demonstrated in a system made of an electron beam interacting with an electromagnetic (EM) guided mode
Despite most of the published work on EPDs are related to parity time (PT) symmetry [2], [3], the occurrence of EPDs does not necessarily require a system to exactly satisfy the PT symmetry condition, it generally requires a system to simultaneously have gain and loss [4]
Summary
The characterizing feature of an exceptional point is the singularity resulting from the degenracy of at least two eigenstates. An exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) is demonstrated in a system made of an electron beam interacting with an electromagnetic (EM) guided mode. The energy that is extracted from the e-beam and delivered to the guided EM mode is considered as a distributed gain from the SWS prescriptive, whereas the DPE represents extraction “losses” and not mere dissipation [5], [6]. In this paper we show the physical mechanism of an EPD arising from the interaction of an e-beam and and EM wave in a SWS and we show how this finding can be used as a regime of operation in what we call an EPD-BWO to produce very high power with high efficiency
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