Abstract
.Significance: Commercial lasers, lamps, and light-emitting diode (LED) light sources have stimulated the clinical translation of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Yet, the continued exploration of new photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT often requires separate activation wavelengths for each agent being investigated. Customized light sources for such research frequently come at significant financial or technical cost, especially when compounded over many agents and wavelengths.Aim: LEDs offer potential as a cost-effective tool for new PS and multi-PS photodynamic research. A low-cost-per-wavelength tool leveraging high-power LEDs to facilitate efficient and versatile research is needed to further accelerate research in the field.Approach: We developed and validated a high-power LED array system for benchtop PDT with a modular design for efficient switching between wavelengths that overcome many challenges in light source design. We describe the assembly of a low-cost LED module plus the supporting infrastructure, software, and protocols to streamline typical in vitro PDT experimentation.Results: The LED array system is stable at intensities in excess of with 2.3% variation across the illumination field, competitive with other custom and commercial devices. To demonstrate efficacy and versatility, a primary ovarian cancer cell line was treated with two widely used PSs, aminolevulinic acid and verteporfin, using the LED modules at a clinically relevant light dose that induced over 90% cell death for each treatment.Conclusions: Our work provides the community with a tool for new PS and multi-PS benchtop photodynamic research that, unlike most commercial light sources, affords the user a low barrier to entry and low-cost-per-wavelength with the goal of illuminating new insights at the forefront of PDT.
Highlights
The basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the induction of cytotoxicity—typically via the creation of intracellular reactive oxygen species—through a mediating chemical, or photosensitizer (PS).[1]
Our work provides the community with a tool for new PS and multi-PS benchtop photodynamic research that, unlike most commercial light sources, affords the user a low barrier to entry and low-cost-per-wavelength with the goal of illuminating new insights at the forefront of PDT
The invention of the helium-neon laser (632.8 nm) in 196214 enabled Dougherty and colleagues to complete some of the first clinical studies on hematoporphyrin derivative in 1978,15 thereby paving the way for Photofrin® and other porphyrin-based PSs to be investigated and translated
Summary
The basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the induction of cytotoxicity—typically via the creation of intracellular reactive oxygen species—through a mediating chemical, or photosensitizer (PS).[1]. By themselves, are only harmful when combined This phototoxic effect, and many variations thereon, have been exploited to treat various dermatological,[2] oncological,[3] and infectious diseases.[4] Excellent descriptions of the physical and biochemical processes behind PDT,[5,6,7] as well as many reviews and historical accounts of the field,[1,3,8,9,10,11,12] may be found elsewhere in the literature. The discussion of light sources and delivery methods in such reviews is often superseded by noteworthy chemical, physical, and biological discoveries and insights regarding PS development and clinical efficacy (with some exceptions[7,13]). The continued development of new light sources has accelerated the development of new PSs and applications for clinical PDT.[10]
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