Abstract
Periploca aphylla (PA), an interesting Saudi medicinal plant, is used in folk medicine to treat urticaria, cerebral fever, tumors, and swelling. To prove its use in folk medicine, two different extracts from the aerial parts of the plant: chloroform P-1, and n-butanol P-2 were subjected to biological assays to screen peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα and PPARγ) agnostic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and estrogenic activities. In addition, five bioactive secondary metabolites were isolated from the aerial parts of the plant: rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and stigmasterol. P-1 and P-2 decreased cellular oxidative stress by 47.0% and 62.0%, respectively, compared to the standard drug quercetin, while one of the compounds rutin PA-1 isolated from P-1 extract and significantly decreased cellular oxidative stress by 67.0% compared to quercetin (75.0%). P-1 and P-2 also significantly activated PPARγ agnostic. P-1 and P-2 did not inhibit nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and showed no cytotoxic or estergenic effects on four human cancer cell lines. In this study, both extracts were standardized using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). RP-HPTLC showed sharp and compact bands of rutin (Rf = 0.09), caffeic acid (Rf = 0.25), and chlorogenic acid (Rf = 0.39) scanned at λmax = 340 nm using the water: methanol (60:40 v/v) mobile phase. At λmax = 539 nm ursolic acid (Rf = 0.20) and stigmasterol (Rf = 0.48) were scanned using the chloroform: methanol (98:2 v/v) as NP-HPTLC mobile phase. Therefore, the developed RP- and NP-HPTLC systems are a precise, sensitive, and specific analytical tool for the quantification of compounds isolated from PA, which can be used as phytomarkers for taxonomical identification and assessment of PA.
Highlights
Herbal medicine is used by ~80% of people in both developed and developing countries for the treatment of different diseases [1,2]
The NP-high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) developed plates were derivatized by spraying p-anisaldehyde and heated to obtain clear spots of standards as well as the different phytoconstituents present in PAChF
In method I, densitometric analysis was performed at 340 nm in absorbance mode, obtaining compact, sharp, symmetrical, and high-resolution bands of rutin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid at Rf = 0.09 ± 0.001, 0.25 ± 0.004, and 0.39 ± 0.003, respectively (Figure 1A)
Summary
Herbal medicine is used by ~80% of people in both developed and developing countries for the treatment of different diseases [1,2]. The genus Periploca (Apocynaceae) comprises ten species distributed in different temperate regions over the world [3]. These species have long served as traditional medicine, especially P. sepium and P. forrestii [3]. In Saudi Arabia, four species, P. aphylla (PA), P. somaliensis, P. visciformis, and P. brevicoronata, are found. PA is widely distributed in the South Hijaz and Najd regions of Saudi. Phytochemical studies on Periploca have shown that the plant contains metabolites such as phenylpropanoids, carbohydrates, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, aromatics, and quinones. Various constituents isolated from PA include steroids and their glucosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and their glucosides, phenylpropanoids, quinines, and phenolics compounds [3]
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