Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is considered as one of the most promising energy harvesting technology due to its high power conversion efficiency (PCE). T. Miyasaka group first reported the methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbX3) as a light absorber of dye-sensitized solar cells with a PCE of 3.8% in 2009. Over the past decade, many research groups have been dedicated to construct high-performance PSCs and have obtained fantastic progress. Before commercialization, many issues have to be overcome. To extend the application of PSCs, flexible PSCs is seen as the preferred choice. However, the conventional process requires high-temperature procedures that are incompatible with the production of flexible PSCs. Here, we specifically focus on the recent developments of the low-temperature process strategies for fabricating high-performance PSCs. This mini-review briefly discusses the development in low-temperature processed metal oxide and carbon-based electron extraction layer (EEL). The approaches for low-temperature solution-processed PSCs are introduced and then the various PSCs with distinctive EEL are discussed. Overall, this mini-review contributes to a better understanding of the low-temperature processed electron extraction layer. Strategies and perspectives are also provided for further high-performance PSCs.
Highlights
The issue of energy crisis has received increasing attention in recent years
In this mini-review, we briefly introduce the development of the low-temperature processed metal oxide and carbon-based electron extraction layer (EEL) for state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs)
If the above issues can all be satisfied and the existence of J-V hysteresis be eliminated, PSC with low-temperature process EEL can achieve a breakthrough in solar energy technology and realize commercialization
Summary
The issue of energy crisis has received increasing attention in recent years. Researchers from all over the world have been focusing on the development of renewable energy, such as wind, geothermal, biomass, and solar energy, etc. Many n-type materials, including TiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, and SnO2, are often used as electron extraction layer (EEL) for PSC due to the appropriate energy band alignment with perovskite absorber (Anaraki et al, 2016; Che et al, 2016; Zhang et al, 2017, 2018; Wu et al, 2018a). For n-i-p structured perovskite device, TiO2 is often used as EEL due to the chemical stability, low-cost, and high charge transportability (Figure 1C).
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