Abstract
Photoperiod and nutrient nitrogen (N) supply influence the growth, development, and productivity of crops. This study examined the physiological, biochemical, and morpho-anatomical traits of NA5 and NA9, two barley cultivars with contrasting photoperiod lengths, under the combined treatment of photoperiod regime and N supply. Under long photoperiod, high N supply decreased net photosynthesis; decreased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/b; decreased ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities; decreased ascorbate, glutathione, soluble protein, and soluble sugar; destroyed mesophyll cell integrity; and increased , malondialdehyde, and proline in both NA5 and NA9. Under short photoperiod, high N content increased net photosynthesis; increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/b; increased APX, CAT, and SOD activities; and increased antioxidants, soluble protein, and soluble sugar in NA9 but decreased the same parameters in NA5. These results indicated that N supply strongly affected photosynthetic capacity and the balance of reactive oxygen species in response to short and long photoperiod. High N supply enhanced the sensitivity of long-day barley to photoperiod change by inhibiting photosynthesis and decreasing antioxidant defense ability. High N mitigated the undesirable effects of shortened photoperiod in short-day barley. Therefore, the data from this study revealed that N status affects adaptation to photoperiod changes by maintaining redox homeostasis and photosynthetic capacity.
Highlights
The various biological rhythms, such as seed germination, flowering, stem growth, cold acclimation, and dormancy, that alter plant growth and development are controlled by photoperiod via an endogenous oscillator or biological clock to meet day/night cycle requirements (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997)
Plants utilize photoperiod responses to control the timing of flowering during the growing period
Long photoperiod plays an important role in the promotion of flowering in barley (Turner et al, 2005)
Summary
The various biological rhythms, such as seed germination, flowering, stem growth, cold acclimation, and dormancy, that alter plant growth and development are controlled by photoperiod via an endogenous oscillator or biological clock to meet day/night cycle requirements (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Effect of Nitrogen and Photoperiod on Barley Growth development by cooperating with photoreceptor proteins. Groups of photoperiod-related proteins, including bark storage proteins (BSPs) and vegetative storage proteins (VSPs), temporarily store amino acids to buffer the availability of nitrogen (N) and other nutrients during shoot growth (Paiva et al, 1983; Coleman et al, 1991; Liu et al, 2005; Wildhagen et al, 2013). Photoperiod, antioxidative capacities, and plant growth are likely interrelated given that oxidative damages are prevented by the redirection of redox-mediated acclimation signals, allowing more efficient light usage (Becker et al, 2006). By enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, N fertilization prevents damage to photosynthesis from accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Medici et al, 2004)
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