Abstract
ABSTRACTHigh nighttime ozone (O3) concentration levels were observed in Kemaman, Terengganu, and results were compared with those in other places in Malaysia. In this study, the contribution of precursors [nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and meteorological factors wind speed, and wind direction) toward long-term high nighttime O3 over the period of 1999 to 2010 was evaluated. During this period, the recorded highest nighttime O3 ground level was 89 ppb with more than 25% surpassing 20 ppb. Analysis shows that minimal decreasing trends were measured in Kemaman. Lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations restricted the sinking agents; thus, reducing the depletion rates allowed O3 to remain in the atmosphere. Minimal associations were observed between the O3 concentration level and the speed and direction of wind. Accordingly, the largest contributor toward high nighttime O3 ground level concentration in Kemaman was most probably NOx concentration.
Highlights
Ozone (O3) is an important constituent of air that plays significant roles as an oxidant and greenhouse gas
The occurrences of high nighttime O3 in Kemaman, Terengganu were explored in terms of the contribution of nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration and effect of wind speed and direction
High nighttime O3 concentrations were observed in from June 2007 to Febuary 2008 mainly attributed by lower nitric oxide (NO) titrations that capable in removing ozone from atmosphere
Summary
Ozone (O3) is an important constituent of air that plays significant roles as an oxidant and greenhouse gas. Most of O3 concentrations occupy in ozone layer which, is located in the middle of the stratosphere and acts as a shield that protecting Earth from harmful radiation. O3 is considered as a secondary air pollutant, which is typically associated with degrading air quality, and induces harmful effects on human health, crop production, material quality, and the ecosystem. The formation and accumulation of O3 are induced by the emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). NOx plays an important role in the O3 chemistry (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006). The variation in O3 concentrations is influenced by meteorological factors.
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