Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain an understanding on the collective cellular effects of magnesium (Mg) corrosion products on the behaviour of cells responsible for bone formation and remodelling. The response of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoclast cells to both soluble (Mg ions) and insoluble (granule) corrosion products were recapitulated in vitro by controlling the concentration of the corrosion products. Clearance of corrosion granules by MSCs was also inspected by TEM analysis at sub-cellular level. The effect of Mg corrosion products varied depending on the state of differentiation of cells, concentration and length of exposure. The presence of the corrosion products significantly altered the cells’ metabolic and proliferative activities, which further affected cell fusion/differentiation. While cells tolerated higher than physiological range of Mg concentration (16 mM), concentrations below 10 mM were beneficial for cell growth. Furthermore, MSCs were shown to contribute to the clearance of intercellular corrosion granules, whilst high concentrations of corrosion products negatively impacted on osteoclast progenitor cell number and mature osteoclast cell function.
Highlights
As Mg degrades at the implantation site there is subsequent release of large particulate material and smaller corrosion products
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to measure the amount of Mg2+ present in the Mg conditioned medium following the corrosion of Mg in vitro
The corrosion of Mg resulted in the release of Mg2+ into the surrounding medium, the higher the corrosion rate the higher the amount released in a unit of time, but the medium would become saturated with the deposition of corrosion granules
Summary
As Mg degrades at the implantation site there is subsequent release of large particulate material and smaller corrosion products. While some studies[4,5,6] have reported enhanced bone formation near the implantation site, others[7,8] have demonstrated the presence of cavities in the implant position after the Mg implant had degraded. The cause of these cavities remains uncertain. It has been suggested the presence of the granules might attract the migration of osteoclasts to the implantation site[9]; and subsequent increased activity of the osteoclast could aid bone remodelling. The spatial and temporal factors of tissue response were recapitulated in vitro by controlling the concentration of the corrosion products
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