Abstract
To understand the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment bioreactors, the ARGs in sludge from two full-scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs) were investigated and compared with sludge samples from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) using metagenomic approach. The results showed that the ARG abundances in PWWTP sludge ranged from 54.7 to 585.0 ppm, which were higher than those in STP sludge (27.2 to 86.4 ppm). Moreover, the diversity of ARGs in PWWTP aerobic sludge (153 subtypes) was higher than that in STP aerobic sludge (118 subtypes). In addition, it was found that the profiles of ARGs in PWWTP aerobic sludge were similar to those in STP aerobic sludge but different from those in PWWTP anaerobic sludge, suggesting that dissolve oxygen (DO) could be one of the important factors affecting the profiles of ARGs. In PWWTP aerobic sludge, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and multidrug resistance genes were frequently detected. While, tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin and polypeptide resistance genes were abundantly present in PWWTP anaerobic sludge. Furthermore, we investigated the microbial community and the correlation between microbial community and ARGs in PWWTP sludge. And, significant correlations between ARG types and seven bacterial genera were found. In addition, the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were also examined and correlations between the ARGs and MGEs in PWWTP sludge were observed. Collectively, our results suggested that the microbial community and MGEs, which could be affected by DO, might be the main factors shaping the profiles of ARGs in PWWTP sludge.
Highlights
As potential threats to human health, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) continue to spread globally due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics for medical treatment, veterinary and agriculture [1,2,3]
As a vital node in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs), biological treatment process with a high density of bacteria created an ideal environment for ARG exchange [13] through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among different microorganisms, which was controlled by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids, integrons and insertion sequences (ISs) [14,15,16]
These results implied that the sludge flow may play a critical role in the dissemination of ARGs in PWWTPs and the dominated ARG subtypes in PWWTPs and sewage treatment plants (STPs) aerobic sludge are largely similar
Summary
As potential threats to human health, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) continue to spread globally due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics for medical treatment, veterinary and agriculture [1,2,3]. Many studies have showed that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of ARGs in the natural environment [7,8,9]. According to a study conducted by Gao et al [11], positive correlations were found between some ARGs and their corresponding antibiotics in a sewage treatment plant (STP). As a vital node in PWWTPs, biological treatment process with a high density of bacteria created an ideal environment for ARG exchange [13] through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among different microorganisms, which was controlled by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids, integrons and insertion sequences (ISs) [14,15,16]. The HGT may cause ARGs to be transferred to pathogenic bacteria, which could pose serious health risks to humans [17, 18]
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