Abstract
The majority of CKD-related complications stem from cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension. To help reduce cardiovascular complications, aerobic exercise is often prescribed. Emerging evidence suggests high intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more beneficial than traditional aerobic exercise. However, appraisals of varying forms of aerobic exercise, along with descriptions of mechanisms responsible for health-related improvements, are lacking. This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of HIIT (85% VO2max), versus low intensity aerobic exercise (LIT; 45–50% VO2max) and sedentary behaviour (SED), in an animal model of early-stage CKD. Tissue-specific mRNA expression of RAAS-related genes and CKD-related clinical markers were examined. Compared to SED, HIIT resulted in increased plasma albumin (p = 0.001), reduced remnant kidney weight (p = 0.028), and reduced kidney weight-body weight ratios (p = 0.045). Compared to LIT, HIIT resulted in reduced Agt mRNA expression (p = 0.035), reduced plasma LDL (p = 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.029), and total cholesterol (p = 0.002), increased plasma albumin (p = 0.047), reduced remnant kidney weight (p = 0.005), and reduced kidney weight-body weight ratios (p = 0.048). These results suggest HIIT is a more potent regulator of several markers that describe and influence health in CKD.
Highlights
The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that 14% of Australians (3.2 million) have at least one marker of kidney damage or dysfunction [1], putting them at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Direct financial impact will stem from increases in costly treatments such as dialysis, which is expensive compared to many medical treatments, while indirect financial impact will stem from an increased need for infrastructure including additional healthcare professionals, equipment, and treatment space [5]
Expression of hepatic Agt mRNA was significantly decreased in high intensity interval training (HIIT), compared to low intensity aerobic exercise (LIT) (p = 0.035)
Summary
The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that 14% of Australians (3.2 million) have at least one marker of kidney damage or dysfunction [1], putting them at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a progressive and irreversible condition, associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2] and a decreased life expectancy [2]. As CKD progresses, CKDrelated risk factors (e.g., hypertension) and comorbidities (e.g., CVD) become less manageable, resulting in a life expectancy that steadily decreases as a function of continual reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [2,3,4]. Considering the irreversible nature of CKD and the relationship between life expectancy and kidney function, it is apparent that slowing the progression of CKD is the ideal approach to CKD treatment. As new and existing cases of CKD progress to the extent that they require renal replacement therapy (RRT), a term that refers to dialysis or renal transplantation, the existing burden on the healthcare system will increase considerably [5]. While current rates of RRT are troubling (more than 20,000 Australians in 2012) [1], it is the pace
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