Abstract
Electrons driven from atom or molecule by intense dual-color laser fields can coherently radiate high harmonics from extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray, as well as an intense terahertz (THz) wave from millimeter to sub-millimeter wavelength. The joint measurement of high-harmonic and terahertz spectroscopy (HATS) was established and further developed as a unique tool for monitoring electron dynamics of argon from picoseconds to attoseconds and for studying the molecular structures of nitrogen. More insights on the rescattering process could be gained by correlating the fast and slow electron motions via observing and manipulating the HATS from atoms and molecules. We also propose the potential investigations of HATS of polar molecules, and solid and liquid sources.
Highlights
Recent advances in attosecond science open a new era of physics for the ultrafast insight and manipulation of electrons with its natural timescale for matters in gas, liquid or solid states [1,2,3,4,5].Attosecond electron dynamics are usually initiated by intense laser pulses
Slow electrons for THz output should be modeled differently from the ones for the plateau or cut-off of high harmonics even though they are driven by the same laser fields, because the slow electron motion could be strongly distorted by the Coulomb potential
The interaction between atoms or molecules and the intense laser fields induces a dipole moment that leads to the emissions of high-order harmonics, which can be considered as the up-conversion of the fundamental laser frequency
Summary
Recent advances in attosecond science open a new era of physics for the ultrafast insight and manipulation of electrons with its natural timescale for matters in gas, liquid or solid states [1,2,3,4,5]. Slow electrons for THz output should be modeled differently from the ones for the plateau or cut-off of high harmonics even though they are driven by the same laser fields, because the slow electron motion could be strongly distorted by the Coulomb potential This Coulomb field effect has been identified by tracing the phases of THz wave with the help of high harmonics [17,18], and by analyzing the underlying dynamics via classical [19] and quantum calculations [20]. We demonstrate the simultaneous detection of HATS from argon to study the THz generation with attosecond time resolution, thanks to the intrinsic chirp of the electron wave packet and the corresponding HHG. We expect that HATS will be helpful in characterizing the interplay or competition between different ultrafast electronic processes in the near field regions for more complex molecules while detecting the corresponding emissions in the far field regions
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