Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) can cause damage to the epithelial and mucosal tissue and currently presents 28 known types. Not all BPV types are associated with the development of cancer in cattle. Studies have shown that variants of human papillomavirus types can present different pathogenic profiles. However, despite the similarity, it is not yet known whether variants of BPV types can also present varying degrees of pathogenicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of BPV types and variants isolated in Northeastern Brazil. Samples were obtained from animals with papillomatous lesions. BPV DNA was detected by the amplification of the L1 gene and genotyping was performed by sequencing. Mutations were analyzed in a phylogenetic, structural and functional context. In total, 52 positive samples were obtained and 11 different BPV types were identified in the samples. Ten putative new BPV types were also identified. In addition, several non-synonymous mutations were identified and predicted to alter protein stability, having an impact on immune evasion. The study demonstrated a high genetic diversity of BPV in the region with a large number of mutations identified, serving as a basis for more efficient control measures to be adopted for bovine papillomatosis.
Highlights
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family, which infects the epithelium and mucosa of many animals including cattle
Using it was possible to identify 11 different BPV types in 42 samples being identified as BPV1, BPV2, BPV4, was possible identifyBPV24, 11 different in 42Insamples being identifiedwere as BPV1, BPV5,BLAST, BPV8, itBPV11, BPV13,toBPV14, BPV25 andtypes addition, 10 samples identified
The study demonstrated a high genotype diversity of BPV in a region of the Northeast of Brazil as well as a great intra-genotypic genetic variability with the identification of various BPV variants and subtypes. This is evidenced by the identification of 11 different types of BPV, eight subtypes and 30 intra-genotype variants in addition to 10 samples identified as putative new types of BPV
Summary
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family, which infects the epithelium and mucosa of many animals including cattle. Papillomaviruses are usually species-specific, BPV has been observed in other animals such as giraffes, buffalo, sheep and horses [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. BPVs are classified into five genera and 28 types have been identified so far. The genera are: Deltapapillomavirus, encompassing BPV1, BPV2, BPV13 and BPV14, Dyokappapapillomavirus. Pathogens 2020, 9, 748 with types BPV16, BPV18 and BPV22, Dyoxipapillomavirus with only BPV7, Epsilonpapillomavirus with. BPV5, BPV8 and BPV25 and Xipapillomavirus with types BPV3, BPV4, BPV6, BPV9, BPV10, BPV11, Pathogens 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW. Dyokappapapillomavirus with types BPV16, BPV18 and BPV22, Dyoxipapillomavirus with only BPV7, The BPV19, BPV21 and BPV272 of have not yet been classified [8,9,10].
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