Abstract
Saline lakes are intriguing ecosystems harboring extremely productive microbial communities in spite of their extreme environmental conditions. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity (18S rRNA gene) of the planktonic microbial eukaryotes (nano- and picoeukaryotes) in six different inland saline lakes located in the Qaidam Basin. The novelty level are high, with about 11.23% of the whole dataset showing <90% identity to any previously reported sequence in GenBank. At least 4 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in mesosaline lakes, while up to eighteen OTUs in hypersaline lakes show very low CCM and CEM scores, indicating that these sequences are highly distantly related to any existing sequence. Most of the 18S rRNA gene sequence reads obtained in investigated mesosaline lakes is closely related to Holozoa group (48.13%), whereas Stramenopiles (26.65%) and Alveolates (10.84%) are the next most common groups. Hypersaline lakes in the Qaidam Basin are also dominated by Holozoa group, accounting for 26.65% of the total number of sequence reads. Notably, Chlorophyta group are only found in high abundance in Lake Gasikule (28.00%), whereas less represented in other hypersaline lakes such as Gahai (0.50%) and Xiaochaidan (1.15%). Further analysis show that the compositions of planktonic eukaryotic assemblages are also most variable between different sampling sites in the same lake. Out of the parameters, four show significant correlation to this CCA: altitude, calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations. Overall, this study shows important gaps in the current knowledge about planktonic microbial eukaryotes inhabiting Qaidam Basin (hyper) saline water bodies. The identified diversity and novelty patterns among eukaryotic plankton assemblages in saline lake are of great importance for understanding and interpreting their ecology and evolution.
Highlights
Saline lakes usually occur in endorheic drainage basins, which span approximately 1/10 of the Earth’s surface area [1]
Lake Gasikule is located in the northwestern part of the Qaidam Basin, where less precipitation and high evaporation have resulted in the highest salinity
The actual numbers have to be regarded with caution, it seems clear that this study will significantly raise the higher limit of eukaryotes diversity
Summary
Saline lakes usually occur in endorheic drainage basins, which span approximately 1/10 of the Earth’s surface area [1]. Inland saline lakes represent approximately 5% of modern drylands [2]; these lakes are numerous and are distributed worldwide in semiarid or arid areas [3]. Inland saline lakes and freshwater lakes from humid areas account for similar proportions of global water, approximately 0.008% and 0.009%, respectively [4,5]. Saline lakes are important reservoirs of largely unseen microbial biodiversity with high phylogenetic richness and novelty [5]. Saline lakes at high altitudes are productive and represent an important and extreme ecosystem harboring many novel prokaryotic microorganisms [6,7]. Our current knowledge on microorganisms isolated in culture does not completely represent the microbial diversity in saline systems [5,7,15,17]
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