Abstract
Distributed generations (DGs) in the distribution systems are connected into the buses using power electronic converters. During fault, it is challenging to provide a constant impedance model for DGs in the system frequency due to the variable converter control strategies. System frequency impedance measurement based fault locations can be influenced by the converters' fault behaviour. This study addresses this problem by proposing a wide-area high-frequency impedance comparison based fault location technique. The high-frequency impedance model of DG is provided. Based on the constant DG impedance model in high-frequency range, the faulted line sections can be distinguished by comparing the measured impedance differences without requiring the exact distribution system parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed wide-area transient measurements based fault location method can provide accurate faulted sections in the distribution systems with DGs regardless of the load and DG output variations, measurement noise, unbalanced loads and islanding operations.
Highlights
Many clinically important arthropod-borne viruses, such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) (Flaviviruses; Flaviviridae), chikungunya (CHIKV) (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and Rift Valley Fever (Phlebovirus; Bunyaviridae) viruses, are transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti, Aa)
SUMOylation pathway is antiviral against arboviruses in mosquitoes date, studies to determine the role of SUMOylation during arbovirus infection have focused on flaviviruses in mammalian cells [20,21,22,23]
SUMOylation pathway is antiviral against arboviruses in mosquitoes indicated that Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) orthologues from Ae. aegypti and other mosquito species lack an N-terminal SUMO Consensus Motif (SCM), contrary to the chelicerate Ixodes scapularis and vertebrate SUMO orthologues (Fig 1B and 1C; [25])
Summary
Many clinically important arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) (Flaviviruses; Flaviviridae), chikungunya (CHIKV) (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and Rift Valley Fever (Phlebovirus; Bunyaviridae) viruses, are transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti, Aa). Aedes-borne pathogens represent a substantial worldwide public health burden due to an ever expanding geographical vector range and associated threat of viral emergence and epidemic disease [1,2,3,4]. There is a need to develop new and effective vector control measures [10]. In this context, it is crucial to improve our understanding of mosquito biology and mosquito-arbovirus interactions to identify targets that influence arbovirus infection directly in mosquitoes
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