High-energy events in the Frasnian\u2013Famennian boundary interval of the P\u0142ucki section in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Abstract

Of all the Devonian stratigraphic boundaries, the Frasnian–Famennian transition (372.2 ± 1.6 Ma) preserves the record of one of the most significant crises in the history of life, the final stages of which lie buried in the distinctive Kellwasser limestone. The Kellwasser facies occur in Western and Central Europe and the commonly cited Płucki area of Poland’s geologically rich Holy Cross Mountains is the only site in that region where the Frasnian–Famennian boundary is considered to occur within Kellwasser facies. At this locality, the limestone contains slump structures, comprising contorted beds and folds. Actually the Kellwasser-like limestone from Płucki is composed of a mixture of three distinct types of sediment, occurring as clasts, commonly deformed and sheared, and matrix, rather than being one homogenous bed, as previously considered. Thus, earlier studies and interpretations of this limestone may need revising. This paper documents the evidence for sediment erosion and reworking, debris flows, sliding and soft-sediment deformation on a submarine slope, and suggests that seismic events were the likely triggering mechanism for slumping and resedimentation.