Abstract
The study highlights the effect of high-energy ball milling (HEBM) in dry and wet mode, in comparison to conventional ball milling (CBM), on NKN-based lead-free piezoceramics. The particle size reduced significantly from 1.97 μm (CBM) to 115 nm after wet HEBM which enhanced the piezoelectric property significantly. HEBM influenced the microstructure of the samples which improved the density, and the samples exhibited excellent ferroelectric character, stable ageing and electrical fatigue behaviour. As compared to CBM, dielectric constant increased nearly 50%, while piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) increased more than double by wet HEBM. The wet HEBM samples also showed better ferroelectric properties and higher Curie temperature (~ 320 °C) along with improved resistance to thermal annealing due to stable ferroelectric polarisation state.
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