Abstract
Lipid markers are well-established predictors of vascular disease. The most frequently measured lipid markers are total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride. HDL reduces atherosclerosis by multiple mechanisms, leading to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and HDL-C, as a metric of HDL quantity, is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease, independent of LDL-C. However, the quality of the HDL appears to be more important than its quantity, because HDL loses its antiatherogenic functions due to changes in its composition and becomes “dysfunctional HDL”. Although there is evidence of the existence of “dysfunctional HDL”, biomarkers for monitoring dysfunctional HDL in clinical practice have not yet been established. In this review, we propose a new lipid panel for the assessment of dysfunctional HDL and lipoprotein-related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The lipid panel includes the measurement of lipid peroxide and triglyceride contents within HDL particles.
Highlights
Multiple lines of evidence have established that LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins are directly implicated in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1,2]
The particle number and size distribution of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration of circulating HDL particles can be superior to HDL-C concentration as a predictor and their lipid and protein composition can be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
PLOOH is preferentially processed by HDL compared to cholesterol ester-OOH, because PLOOH is located in the surface monolayer of LDL and is more readily accessible for transfer to HDL [20]
Summary
Multiple lines of evidence have established that LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and other apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are directly implicated in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1,2]. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with the risk of coronary heart disease and is a key component of predicting cardiovascular risk [3,4]. The particle number and size distribution of HDLs and their lipid and protein composition can be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry spectroscopy. The particle number and size distribution of HDLs concentration of circulating HDL particles can be superior to HDL-C concentration as a predictor and their lipid and protein composition can be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Different cellular functions of functionality, HDL are weakly correlated with each cardiovascular disease. Concentration the peripheral assayalthough of HDLthe functionality have disadvantages in terms of the correlated complexity of the different cellular functions of HDL are weakly with eachmethodologies other and are and by different structural components [10]. This article focuses on simpler and clinically applicable assays for the assessment of HDL
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