Abstract
BackgroundMany studies have shown that lipids play important roles in bone metabolism. However, the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the linear or nonlinear relation between HDL-C levels and BMD and addressed whether the HDL-C levels had the potential values for predicting the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia.MethodsTwo researchers independently extracted all information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Participants over 20 years of age with available HDL-C and BMD data were enrolled in the final analysis. The linear relationship between HDL-C levels and BMD was assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was also characterized by fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models. In addition, the odds ratio (OR) for osteopenia and osteoporosis was evaluated with multiple logistic regression models.ResultsThe weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that HDL-C levels displayed an inverse association with BMD, especially among females and subjects aged 30 to 39 or 50 to 59. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship characterized by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models suggested that (i) HDL-C levels displayed an inverted U-shaped relationship with BMD among women 30 to 39 or over 60 years of age; (ii) HDL-C levels exhibited a U-shaped association with BMD among women 20 to 29 or 50 to 59 years of age. In addition, females with high HDL levels (62-139 mg/dL) had an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that HDL-C levels exhibit an inverse correlation with BMD. Especially in females, clinicians need to be alert to patients with high HDL-C levels, which may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia. For these patients, close monitoring of BMD and early intervention may be necessary.
Highlights
Many studies have shown that lipids play important roles in bone metabolism
This study demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels exhibit an inverse correlation with bone mineral density (BMD)
In females, clinicians need to be alert to patients with high high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C levels, which may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia
Summary
Many studies have shown that lipids play important roles in bone metabolism. The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Rosenson et al observed that statin treatment, which can increase HDL-C levels, was beneficial in cardiovascular disease reduction [5]. Hamer et al observed that HDL-C levels and mortality presented a U-shaped relationship in participants in a large sample, demonstrating that subjects with high levels of HDL-C had increased mortality [7]. These findings may indicate that researchers should reconsider the perspective on HDL-C
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