High Connectivity Among Breeding Populations of the Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans) in Mexico and Southern California Revealed Through Population Genomic Analysis

Abstract

Population genetic structure can aide in developing conservation and management strategies by characterizing populations on local and regional scales. The Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans) has a restricted breeding range, with a majority of its nesting population historically found on Isla Rasa, Gulf of California, Mexico. Since the late 1950s, increased frequency of low marine productivity due to warm oceanographic anomalies, such as El Nino events, have caused northward expansion of Elegant Tern breeding colonies into southern California, USA. To test the hypothesis that high gene flow occurs between Gulf of California and southern California Elegant Tern breeding colonies, restriction-site associated DNA sequencing was used to analyze 5,510 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 69 Elegant Terns sampled across four known breeding sites: Isla Rasa, Mexico (n = 30), San Diego National Wildlife Refuge, USA (n = 17), Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, USA (n = 11), and Port of Los Angeles, USA (n = 11). Analyses revealed little population subdivision, with non-significant genetic differentiation (FST) among sites and no geographic association of individuals, but there was subtle clustering of individuals by breeding site. These results suggest a strong degree of gene flow among the Gulf of California and southern California nesting colonies and indicate that Elegant Terns have a fluid breeding distribution and move readily among nesting sites.