Abstract
Recent experiments and theories have elucidated the region of applicability of continuum theories of particle interactions (van der Waals and double-layer forces). For some systems these theories appear to describe interactions correctly down to contact. For others of real application, continuum theories break down at small distances and are seen to represent the long-range tail of the actual forces which determine the stability of suspensions. These “structural” or “hydration” forces which can be attractive or repulsive, oscillatory or monotonic, arise due to surface-induced solvent structure and liquid-induced surface structure and go over to the continuum approximations at distances typically beyond 30 Å.
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