Abstract
We consider a population of individuals which can be distributed in different equivalence classes. These classes are gathered in groups so that intragroup transformations are much more frequent than intergroup ones. We study linear systems in general, illustrated by the example of coupled individual and population levels. Then, we study nonlinear systems with the example of coupled population and ecosystem levels. We give methods to derive the dynamical equations for the different levels and to calculate interlevel coupling terms. We compare the coupling effects in the linear and in the nonlinear case.
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