Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the hierarchical nanostructured materials with either geometry or composition complexity in environmental applications. The hierarchical nanostructures offer advantages of high surface area, synergistic interactions, and multiple functionalities toward water remediation, biosensing, environmental gas sensing and monitoring as well as catalytic gas treatment. Recent advances in synthetic strategies for various hierarchical morphologies such as hollow spheres and urchin-shaped architectures have been reviewed. In addition to the chemical synthesis, the physical mechanisms associated with the materials design and device fabrication have been discussed for each specific application. The development and application of hierarchical complex perovskite oxide nanostructures have also been introduced in photocatalytic water remediation, gas sensing, and catalytic converter. Hierarchical nanostructures will open up many possibilities for materials design and device fabrication in environmental chemistry and technology.
Highlights
HIERARCHICAL NANOSTRUCTURES: COMPLEXITY THAT MATTERS Since the discovery of carbon nanotube back in 1991, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid development in nanotechnology with numerous nanostructures synthesized and unique properties discovered (Alivisatos, 1996; Hu et al, 1999; Smith and Nie, 2009)
CONCLUDING REMARKS Hierarchical nanostructures have been extensively studied worldwide owing to the potential applications in many research and industrial areas
The review mainly summarizes the latest progress in hierarchical nanostructures developed for environmental applications on water treatment, biosensing and environmental gas sensing, monitoring and catalytic conversion
Summary
HIERARCHICAL NANOSTRUCTURES DESIGN FOR WATER TREATMENT Water is a very scarce natural resource especially in developing countries due to the lacking of public access and sanitation. There are a few literatures reporting the synthesis of perovskite nanostructures, only free standing nanoparticles or nanowires have been discussed and no wet chemical strategy has been demonstrated to achieve twodimensional arrangements of complex oxides into ordered arrays It is worth noting, that the hollow structures were first fabricated through template synthesis followed by the template removal. XPS investigation and related band structure construction confirm the strong interaction at the interface which contributes to the enhanced photocatalytic performance compared with pure ZnO and LSCO hierarchical structures This reducing method may provide possibilities for other hierarchical hollow structure design if the direct chemical synthesis without template is challenging
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