Abstract
With the increasing demand of cost-effective and high-energy devices, sodium–air (Na–air) batteries have attracted immense interest due to the natural abundance of sodium in contrast to lithium. In particular, an aqueous Na–air battery has fundamental advantage over non-aqueous batteries due to the formation of highly water-soluble discharge product, which improve the overall performance of the system in terms of energy density, cyclic stability and round-trip efficiency. Despite these advantages, the rechargeability of aqueous Na–air batteries has not yet been demonstrated when using non-precious metal catalysts. In this work, we rationally synthesized a binder-free and robust electrode by directly growing urchin-shaped MnO2 nanowires on porous reduced graphene oxide-coated carbon microfiber (MGC) mats and fabricated an aqueous Na–air cell using the MGC as an air electrode to demonstrate the rechargeability of an aqueous Na–air battery. The fabricated aqueous Na–air cell exhibited excellent rechargeability and rate capability with a low overpotential gap (0.7 V) and high round-trip efficiency (81%). We believe that our approach opens a new avenue for synthesizing robust and binder-free electrodes that can be utilized to build not only metal–air batteries but also other energy systems such as supercapacitors, metal–ion batteries and fuel cells. Growing metal nanostructures on graphene-coated electrodes makes batteries that run on salt, water and air more practical to operate. Sodium's abundance gives batteries that use this metal a price advantage over lithium-based cells. Hyunhyub Ko and co-workers in South Korea have developed a way around aqueous sodium-air batteries' Achilles heel – a reliance on precious-metal catalysts for recharging. The team used gas bubbles, which form on a submerged carbon microfibre mat coated with graphene, as templates to transform inexpensive manganese oxide (MnO2) catalysts into ‘sea urchin’-shaped nanostructures. The ion-accessible morphology of the MnO2 urchins, coupled with the highly conductive substrate, boosted the rechargeability and efficiency of a prototype battery. Additionally, this technique's ability to generate catalytic electrodes without binder opens opportunities for devices such as fuel cells that require lightweight materials. We have rationally synthesized a binder-free and robust electrode by directly growing urchin-shaped α-MnO2 nanostructures on porous reduced graphene oxide-coated carbon microfiber (MGC) mats and fabricated an aqueous sodium–air cell using the MGC as an air electrode to demonstrate the rechargeability of an aqueous sodium–air battery. The fabricated aqueous Na–air cell exhibited excellent rechargeability, rate capability and round-trip efficiency.
Highlights
A rechargeable metal–air battery can be designed by properly selecting and fabricating an air electrode, which is commonly composed of an electrocatalyst, a binder and a conductive substrate.[1,2] An efficient electrocatalyst should be bifunctional and robust in nature
We propose a synthesis mechanism of the urchin-shaped MnO2 on the carbon microfiber, which is discussed in the Supplementary Information
The reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated carbon microfiber was kept in a KMnO4 solution and subjected to another hydrothermal treatment, during which the reduction of Mn7+ to Mn4+ occurred, resulting in the formation of hierarchical air electrodes based on urchin-shaped MnO2 nanowires on the rGO-coated carbon microfiber (Figures 1b–f)
Summary
A rechargeable metal–air battery can be designed by properly selecting and fabricating an air electrode, which is commonly composed of an electrocatalyst, a binder and a conductive substrate.[1,2] An efficient electrocatalyst should be bifunctional and robust in nature. Among the transition metal oxides, MnO2 has drawn particular attention as an electrocatalyst owing to its low cost, high abundance and excellent ORR and OER catalytic activities in alkaline media.[14,15] Graphene and its derivatives have been recognized as efficient catalysts owing to their superior electronic conductivities, fast charge-transport mobilities and high specific surface areas.[16,17] In addition, graphene can be used as a catalyst support to enhance the stability of the catalyst because of its chemical and electrochemical stabilities.[18] both MnO2 and graphene exhibit outstanding catalytic activities, no reports have been published on robust bifunctional air electrodes based on urchin-shaped MnO2 grown on a graphene-coated conductive substrate (carbon microfiber is used) without the use of a binder. It is desirable to design and develop binder-free bifunctional electrodes that can be directly utilized for rechargeable metal–air batteries
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