Abstract
SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an essential role in IoT applications, especially for long‐term data gathering and monitoring applications. The deployment field and the limited energy sources are two critical constraints directly influencing WSN lifespan, and both must be considered while designing a routing protocol for WSN‐based IoT applications. Routing the data consumes a significant amount of energy in such an extensive network. Several hierarchical clustering protocols have been developed in recent years to address this purpose. We propose a new hierarchical stable election protocol (HISEP), an improved version of the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) equipped with the Dual CH election algorithm using a new enhanced threshold formula. Accepting nodes' heterogeneity and incorporating Voronoi‐based cluster formation ensures that the 2D/3D WSN network stays alive for an extended period and the HISEP algorithm will be suitable for habitat tracking and environmental monitoring applications. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other protocols in terms of routing efficiency and network lifespan.
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