Hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon beads derived from biosourced chitosan polymer

Abstract

Carbon microbeads with diameters of a few hundreds of microns are produced by dropping chitosan acetate (CA) solution in liquid nitrogen, freeze drying and thermal treatment in inert atmosphere at 700 °C. The structure of the beads is characterized by hierarchical porosity at the three length scales: (i) macropores originating from the phase separation during the water ice crystal grow inside the droplets, immersed in liquid nitrogen, (ii) mesoporores arising in course of the beads thermal treatment, leading to the removal of the porogen molecules (Pluronic F127) added to the CA solution and (iii) micropores induced by the carbonization of chitosan resin. The carbon beads have a rigid skin which present wrinkles with well-defined structure.The carbon bead pore size and volume could be tuned with glyoxal and glyoxylic acid which are able to cross-link in a different manner with chitosan as showed by 13C NMR. The beads are produced by a green process employing entirely biosourced and renewable materials that make them attractive for the large scale applications requiring nanoporous carbons.