Hierarchical Pitch Control for Small Wind Turbines Based on Fuzzy Logic and Anticipated Wind Speed Measurement

Ernesto Chavero-Navarrete,Guillermo Ronquillo-Lomeli,Juan Carlos Jáuregui-Correa,José Gabriel Ríos-Moreno,Roberto Valentín Carrillo-Serrano,Mario Trejo-Perea

doi:10.3390/app10134592

Abstract

Bringing electricity to areas of difficult terrain is a complicated task, so it is convenient to generate power using local natural resources, such as wind, through a small horizontal-axis wind turbine (S-HAWT). However, at the rotor height of these wind turbines, the wind is often turbulent due to obstacles such as trees and buildings. For a turbine to function properly in these conditions, the action of the wind force on the rotor must be smoothed out by controlling the pitch angle. A commercial derivative-integral-proportional (PID)-type pitch controller works well when system dynamics are stable, but not when there are disturbances in the system. This paper proposes a hierarchical fuzzy logic controller (HFLC) to solve the nonlinear system effects produced by atypical winds. The methodology includes a statistical analysis of wind variability at the installation site, which determines the functions of belonging and its hierarchy. In addition, installing an anemometer in front of the turbine allows an advanced positioning of the blades in the presence of wind gusts. The algorithm was implemented in an S-HAWT, and a comparison was made to quantify the performance difference between the proposed control strategy and a conventional PID controller.

Highlights

Today, technological developments in wind energy are aimed at controlling ever larger turbines, as the longer the blades are, the more torque is produced to install higher-capacity generators
All bodies bodies exposed exposed to to an experience an anaerodynamic aerodynamicforce forcethat thatcan can broken down into a pulling force in wind the wind direction experience bebe broken down into a pulling force in the direction and and a lifting force perpendicular to the wind direction, which is the force that will cause the rotor to a lifting force perpendicular to the wind direction, which is the force that will cause the rotor to turn. This methodology describes the development of a pitch controller for a small horizontal-axis windThis turbine (S-HAWT) considering wind randomness places using fuzzy horizontal-axis logic and wind methodology describes the development of in a turbulent pitch controller for a small measurements resolved over time at enough distance upstream of the rotor
A methodology for the development of an hierarchical fuzzy logic controller (HFLC) for a small horizontal-axis wind turbine (S-HAWT) has been presented. This size of turbines is installed where the wind resources are limited; at the height to the center of the rotor axis, the wind is usually atypical, because at this height, the path of the wind encounters obstacles such as buildings, trees, mountains, or hillsides, which cause turbulence and gusts of wind. In these atypical wind conditions, the use of a conventional pitch angle controller parameterized from a mathematical model such as a PID controller is not reliable, because the variability in the speed and direction of the wind makes this variable behave more as a disturbance to the system than as a stable input variable

Summary

Introduction

Technological developments in wind energy are aimed at controlling ever larger turbines, as the longer the blades are, the more torque is produced to install higher-capacity generators. As of 2016, more and more wind turbines with a sweeping area diameter of 174 m and a production of 9.5 MW are being used [2]. V164-10 wind turbine with a sweeping area diameter of 164 m and 10 MW of production, available for sale and ready to be installed until 2021 [3]. According to the specifications of these large wind turbines, the rotor shaft height is 110 m and requires a nominal wind speed between 10 and 25 m/s [2,3]. The IEC 61400-1: 2014 standard requires that small wind turbines have a rotor swept area of less than 200 m2 (16 m in diameter), a voltage of less than 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC, and a nominal In places where there are less wind resources, it is necessary to install “small wind turbines.” The IEC 61400-1: 2014 standard requires that small wind turbines have a rotor swept area of less than 200 m2 (16 m in diameter), a voltage of less than 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC, and a nominal

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Discussion

Conclusion