Hierarchical Model-Predictive Droop Control for Voltage and Frequency Restoration in AC Microgrids

Abstract

The hierarchical control structure was introduced to allow the integration of power electronics based distributed generation into the microgrid in a smart and flexible manner. The main aim of the primary controller in such a structure is to achieve accurate active and reactive power sharing whereas the secondary control aims to ensure voltage and frequency (V/f) stability. Generally, converter level secondary controllers utilize classical nested loop control that suffer from a slow dynamic response and cumbersome parameters tuning. The existing model based and estimation based secondary controllers are fast, but require complex design methodology, high communication bandwidth and consequently require higher data analysis and computational burden. This paper presents a simple predictive based secondary control for the AC microgrid that is fast, robust, has a low design complexity, low communication bandwidth and no parameter tuning requirement in the secondary control layer. The proposed predictive control optimally restores voltage and frequency in the microgrid by predicting their trajectory deviations and leveraging the droop characteristic curves. Experimental tests performed with three parallel connected grid forming inverters in an islanded operation validate that the controller can accurately maintain V/f stability, while ensuring active and reactive power sharing.