Abstract
A two-stage hierarchical Microgrid energy management method in an office building is proposed, which considers uncertainties from renewable generation, electric load demand, outdoor temperature and solar radiation. In stage 1, a day-ahead optimal economic dispatch method is proposed to minimize the daily Microgrid operating cost, with the virtual energy storage system being dispatched as a flexible resource. In stage 2, a two-layer intra-hour adjustment methodology is proposed to smooth the power exchanges at the point of common coupling by coordinating the virtual energy storage system and the electric vehicles at two different time scales. A Vehicle-to-Building control strategy was developed to dispatch the electric vehicles as a flexible resource. Numerical studies demonstrated that the proposed method is able to reduce the daily operating cost at the day-ahead dispatch stage and smooth the fluctuations of the electric power exchanges at the intra-hour adjustment stage.
Highlights
Increasing attention is being paid to technologies in renewable energy and energy efficiency improvement due to the rapid growth of global energy use and environmental deterioration [1,2]
electric vehicles (EVs) battery model Since this paper focuses on the EVs in an office building, the type of the EVs is determined as M1 with Home Based Work (HBW) transportation pattern according to a depth survey of the worldwide EV battery market [36]
A Microgrid in a low energy office building shown in Fig. 1 is used to verify the effectiveness of the developed energy management method
Summary
Increasing attention is being paid to technologies in renewable energy and energy efficiency improvement due to the rapid growth of global energy use and environmental deterioration [1,2]. A number of regions and countries have taken specific initiatives to facilitate a high penetration of renewable generation and the low energy consumption technologies in their building sectors, including the European Union [4], the United States [5] and China [6,7,8,9]. In China, the building sector currently accounts for 27.6% of the total energy use and it is estimated to reach 35% by 2020 [6,7]. As the major power consumers at demand side, buildings represent a great potential contributor for reducing the energy consumption and relieving power imbalance of the electric grid
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