Abstract
Landforms determine the locations of particular biological communities based on their components and spatial positions. This study hierarchically classified the topographic spaces serving as habitats for biological communities in the Korean Peninsula and established the habitat types that occur on the classified landform types. We classified landform types by applying cell-based modeling, map algebra, and spatial query techniques to spatial data, including digital elevation model (DEM), Sentinel 2 image, land use, and field survey data to model their ecological characteristics. Landforms were classified into four categories (designated Category 1 through 4) according to their spatial scale based on topographical characteristics such as mountains, plains, alluvial landforms, coastal landforms, islands, and special areas (Baekdudaegan, DMZ), which are found throughout the Korean Peninsula. The landforms of the Korean Peninsula were classified into 47 subcategories in Category 1, 16 in Category 2, 36 in Category 3, and 63 in Category 4. There were 62 main types of habitats that were classified based on their topographic spatial units, and there were 437 types of sub-habitats, for which soil weathering, biodiversity, and geodiversity were combined with the main habitat types. When factor analysis was conducted for the environmental factors used to determine the main and sub-habitats, the first primary components were temperature-related factors, followed by biodiversity, geodiversity, aspect, and slope. When the indicator species were analyzed by habitat type, indicator species diversity was high in Jeju Province, Gangwon Province, and Gaema Plateau. Based on these results, landform elements for species habit conservation were assigned conservation values and classified into (I) absolute conservation areas, (II) transition areas, and (III) areas for coexistence with humans. Topographic spaces are being degraded as biological habitats as a result of climate change and human development; our proposed classifications can be applied to the conservation of landforms and biodiversity.
Highlights
Earth is composed of various types of geomorphological landscapes
Habitats classification based on landform characteristics in the Korean Peninsula
The Korean Peninsula is located in the easternmost part of the Asian continent in the mid-latitude region of the Northern Hemisphere
Summary
Geomorphological landscapes are formed by morphogenic and pedogenic processes [1,2,3]. They may be perceived as static because the timescales over which landforms change are much longer than. Habitats classification based on landform characteristics in the Korean Peninsula. Those of biological elements, landforms are constantly being formed and altered over geological time through weathering, erosion, and sedimentation [4, 5]. Topographic spaces were hierarchically classified into biological habitats using satellite images, geology, digital topographic map, weather data, and biological survey data, and a digital elevation model (DEM) was generally used for landform classification. The habitat types were classified based on the classified topographic spaces, and the major indicator species of each habitat were derived
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