Hierarchical Fusion Process of Destination Image Formation: Targeting on Urban Tourism Destination

Xuhui Zhang,Zhenfang Huang,Yanan Li,Ziyu Xu,Chen Zhang

doi:10.3390/su132111805

Abstract

Image has been widely accepted as a combination of perceived elements that are commonly discrete and static ones. ‘Discrete’ means that the elements are treated as separate ones with each other, with no interactions among them. ‘Static’ means that the elements would not be changed into other forms in the process of destination image formation. This study, thinking outside the box, tries to explore destination image formation through perceived elements and take their interactions and corresponding changes into account. Machine learning, as the core of artificial intelligence, is applied for data analysis in this study. Urban tourism destinations are targeted because of their variety and abundance of perceived elements. Data are collected from both interview and questionnaire surveys of tourists. Through several phases of analysis, this study finally finds that perceived elements do interact with each other and change into new forms level by level in tourism destination image formation. Specifically, there are four levels from bottom to top in the whole process of destination image formation, i.e., the individual-landscape layer, compound-atmosphere layer, dual-factor layer, and overall-image layer. In the bottom stage, elements are commonly numerous, separate, and concrete. With the interactive effects of the elements, they integrate with each other and generate some new forms in higher levels, which would be more general and abstract. Based on the findings, the dynamic fusion process and pyramid hierarchy of destination image formation are disclosed. This study explores destination image formation from a new perspective, considering perceived elements within a dynamic, synthetic system, and therefore provides practical insights into destination image construction in a more comprehensive and targeted way.

Highlights

Tourism destination image is one of the core concepts in tourism research
We explored the hierarchical fusion process of destination image formation through four proposed layers
Because the perceived elements in higher layers were set as target concepts of the lower layers, and needed to be identified first, we explored the four layers from top to bottom

Summary

Introduction

Tourism destination image is one of the core concepts in tourism research. This concept is originally derived from the psychology field, and has been introduced and developed in multiple disciplines, such as biology, geography, and sociology. Scholars widely accept it as a mental representation of real-world objects [1], formed from people’s perceptions, that strongly influences people’s emotions and behavior toward that object [2,3,4]. Scholars widely accept that destination image is composed of perceived elements referring to a particular place, such as buildings, residents, mountains, food, or public events [6,7,8]. ‘discrete’ means that these elements are separated from each other, with no interactive relationships among them, while ‘static’ means that the elements are invariable ones that would not be changed into other forms in the whole process of destination

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