Hierarchical chlorine-doped rutile TiO 2 spherical clusters of nanorods: Large-scale synthesis and high photocatalytic activity

Abstract

In this study, we report the synthesis of hierarchical chlorine-doped rutile TiO 2 spherical clusters of nanorods photocatalyst on a large scale via a soft interface approach. This catalyst showed much higher photocatalytic activity than the famous commercial titania (Degussa P25) under visible light ( λ>420 nm). The resulting sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, 1H solid magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. On the basis of characterization results, we found that the doping of chlorine resulted in red shift of absorption and higher surface acidity as well as crystal defects in the photocatalyst, which were the reasons for high photocatalytic activity of chlorine-doped TiO 2 under visible light ( λ>420 nm). These hierarchical chlorine-doped rutile TiO 2 spherical clusters of nanorods are very attractive in the fields of environmental pollutants removal and solar cell because of their easy separation and high activity.